Dampak Paparan Asap Rokok pada Kehamilan dan Masa Kanak-Kanak terhadap Risiko Stunting: Tinjauan Literatur
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15875574Abstract
Latar Belakang: Stunting merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang masih menjadi tantangan besar, terutama di negara berkembang. Salah satu faktor risiko yang masih kurang dieksplorasi adalah paparan asap rokok selama kehamilan dan masa awal kehidupan anak.
Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan tinjauan literatur dengan menelaah artikel ilmiah dari basis data PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, dan Scopus. Pencarian artikel dibatasi pada publikasi 10 tahun terakhir (2013–2023) dan menggunakan kata kunci seperti “smoking and stunting”, “smoking and pregnancy”, serta “smoking, stunting and pregnancy”. Dari 1.744 artikel yang ditemukan, 10 artikel memenuhi kriteria inklusi, yaitu membahas dampak paparan asap rokok terhadap pertumbuhan anak dan menyertakan informasi mengenai intervensi atau kebijakan terkait.
Hasil: Paparan asap rokok selama kehamilan dapat menyebabkan hipoksia janin, gangguan fungsi plasenta, dan perubahan epigenetik yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan anak. Sementara itu, paparan pascakelahiran meningkatkan risiko infeksi saluran pernapasan serta mengganggu penyerapan nutrisi, yang semuanya berkontribusi terhadap kejadian stunting.
Kesimpulan: Paparan asap rokok selama masa prenatal dan pascanatal merupakan faktor risiko signifikan terhadap kejadian stunting pada anak melalui mekanisme biologis, pascakelahiran, dan sosial-ekonomi. Upaya pencegahan yang efektif meliputi penerapan kebijakan kawasan tanpa rokok, edukasi kesehatan masyarakat, program penghentian merokok berbasis keluarga, serta penguatan regulasi fiskal seperti peningkatan cukai rokok.
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